How Russia’s Offensive Damaged Critical Donbas Water Infrastructure

On May 5, 2022, the Russian nationalist news outlet Russkaya Vesna (‘Russian Spring’) published a brief article stating that the Russian air force had destroyed Ukrainian soldiers’ barracks near Bilohorivka, a town in the Luhansk Region. The article, citing a Russian military source, claimed that the Russian air force used unguided bombs to destroy the facility. The article was accompanied by a video showing the attack, which was also uploaded to the publication’s Telegram account.

The video was made up of drone footage taken from two different angles. One, taken from directly above, observed unidentified persons walking through the grounds of the facility. The other, geolocated as to areas which were behind the Russian lines at the time, observed explosions from bombs hitting the area. The stationary nature of the drone suggested that a quadcopter type drone was used in both videos, likely commercial.

But Russkaya Vesna neglected to mention one key fact — this was a facility which provides drinking water to approximately one million people in the region.

The structure depicted was the water intake facility and first lift of the Popasna Water Pipeline, which pumps water from the Siverskyi Donets towards several settlements in the north of the Luhansk Region.

It’s not the first time that armed conflict has jeopardised the water infrastructure of eastern Ukraine. Water infrastructure in the Donbas, which was often shared by territories under Russian occupation and those under Ukrainian government control, was in a state of disrepair and in need of a massive overhaul prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022.

As experts told Bellingcat, Russia’s full-scale invasion has exacerbated that trend, adding yet another dimension to the humanitarian catastrophe in the Donbas.

“The water situation is the Donbas region has been complicated by war since 2014. The region has few resources given the intense consumption of the water-hungry metals and coking industries and the densely populated areas. With few exceptions, the water stems from a small river the Siverskyi Donets flowing in the north”, said Dr. Sophie Lambroschini, a researcher on Eastern Europe, now working on economics in wartime in Ukraine at the Centre Marc Bloch in Berlin.

Dr. Lambroschini added that these large-scale pipeline and canal networks are part of a holistic system which requires electricity and chemical treatment; any disruption can cause humanitarian consequences hundreds of miles away: “When a critical node on that journey is cut, all the settlements downstream are affected.”

The Siverskyi Donets: A Frontline River

The Siverskyi Donets river is one of the most important waterways of the Donbas Region, flowing through cities such as Izyum, Lysychansk and Donetsk into Russia, where it meets the Don River.

It is also of great strategic significance; Russian forces have fought to establish bridgeheads across the river as they push deeper into the Donbas.

On May 8 Russia attempted a river crossing north of the water facility. After heavy fighting, these Russian forces were destroyed by the Ukrainian military which widely publicised its success.

Open source imagery shows that the pumping station and first lift of the Popasna Water Pipeline sustained heavy damage on further occasions after the May 5 attack.

Imagery from a PlanetScope Super Dove satellite showed a change which suggested additional damage to the facility on May 8 that was not visible the previous day. It is unclear whether the facility was functional at this time, but the additional damage appeared severe and would likely complicate reconstruction.

In the above imagery, a white blob to the right of the pumping station (seen under the arrow) depicts debris from an explosion at the facility. This was later confirmed with higher resolution imagery (as will be detailed  later).

On May 8, the head of the Luhansk regional military administration and Governor of Luhansk Oblast, Serhiy Haidai, announced that at one of the filter stations, a power substation, and open switchgear with transformers were damaged. He added that due to shelling of the Popasna water pipeline, one million people would be without water. The Ukrainian Ministry of Reintegration of the Temporarily Occupied Territories clarified in a press release that this was in reference to the May 8 attack.

Online maps show the presence of a filtration station in the area at coordinates 48.9179925, 38.2670593, about 3.5 kilometres from the water intake station on the Siverskyi Donets River, on the other side of the town of Bilohorivka. It is not known whether this is the facility to which Haidai referred. Bellingcat was unable to establish whether there is a filter at the aforementioned intake station itself.

High-resolution imagery from this main filtration station (and second lift) near Bilohorivka did show potential artillery impacts near and on the facility grounds on June 3, 2022. However it was not possible to determine the extent of the damage.

Returning to the water intake facility on the riverbank, satellite imagery collected by Planet Labs Skysat on May 17, 2022, showed the true extent of the damage to the structure. Several craters (highlighted with stippled circles) were visible throughout the territory of this water pumping facility.

The May 17 imagery showed craters surrounding the electrical substation and open switchgear (the collection of transformers circled to the left of the building) as well as a completely destroyed pumping station (centre). Haidai wrote in his May 8 announcement that it will not be possible to restore the facility to working condition during wartime. Whichever of the two facilities he may have referred to, the extent of damage seen on images of both makes his prediction plausible.

It is unclear who was responsible for the damage to the water facility on May 8. The area was subject to additional attempted crossings by the Russian military, and imagery from the ground showed evidence of heavy fighting.

On May 14, editor of censor.net Yuriy Butusov posted pictures of the aftermaths of the battles which raged in the area between May 5 and 13, 2022. One of the images showed the water facility in the background, having taken considerable damage. The buildings were geolocated by Twitter user @RedIntelPanda, and the location confirmed by the @GeoConfirmed Twitter account, which specialises in geolocation.

The Southern Canals

Further upstream, the Siverskyi Donets also intersects with a series of canals and pipelines which carry water into the Donetsk Region.

A large portion of the region directly south of the Siverskyi Donets river relies on these for water supply. Ever since the war in the Donbas broke out in 2014, the already ageing water infrastructure has found itself snaking in and out of front lines. The Siverskyi-Donets – Donbas canal (SDD), possibly the most significant water infrastructure in the region which flows into most of Donetsk Oblast, intersects at a critical point near Horlivka. In  2020, it was also reported as frequently damaged by exchanges of fire by the warring parties.

Similarly, on the outskirts of Donetsk, the Donetsk Filtration Station (DFS) lies wedged between Ukrainian and Russian positions near the Yasynuvata industrial zone. Due to its position on the front lines, the DFS has been subject to shutdowns as a result of skirmishes and shelling several times throughout the years.

With Russia’s full-scale invasion those front lines have moved forward — putting the SDD at further risk.

On May 17, 2022, regional water provider Voda Donbasu issued a statement that its most important facilities remain ‘de-energised’ as a result of the war. This means that a lack of electricity hindered their operation, whether the facilities themselves had been attacked or not.

This included the DFS, as well as the third lift of the SDD canal, located near the front lines of Horlivka.

The Voda Donbasu statement also mentioned that the pump stations of the first and second lift of the South Donbas Water Way (SDWW), both located near Donetsk, were de-energised.

Bellingcat analysed Planet satellite imagery of the second lift pump station from March 29, April 7, and April 25. The imagery showed no apparent damage on March 29. By April 7, burn marks and possible artillery impacts were visible nearby.

By April 25, the fields surrounding the facility were visibly covered in dark specks, suggesting a high amount of artillery impacts.

The SDWW carries water down to Mariupol from the SDD in Donetsk, and has long been jeopardised due to the first lift’s precarious position on the front lines near Avdiivka. Before Russia’s full-scale invasion, the second lift lay within Ukrainian government-held territory.

As long as the war continues, experts say, the outlook for water security in the Donbas remains bleak.

“At present the extensive water supply system that was supplying drinking water to four million people and supplying industry has stopped operating”, said Dr. Lambroschini. “The canal and pipeline system is damaged by months of shelling. Also water can’t flow without electricity to operate pumps and filters. Power lines have been cut, power stations bombed. As a result the whole region under the impact of the Russian advance into Ukrainian territory in most of Luhansk and Donetsk Oblast has been cut off from essential utilities (power, water, sewage).”

“At this point the water situation will remain critical because repairs would require de-mining and re-establishing power lines.”

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